一种“效率-公平-运力”多维权衡的需求可拆分配送方法

针对自然灾害及重大社会公共事件等各类突发事件的配送问题，本文以公路运输为研究场景，将配送时间最短、加权时间攀比值最小和使用车辆数最少为多维目标，在引入需求可拆分这一限制条件的基础上，构建“效率-公平-运力”多维权衡的需求可拆分应急物资配送模型。针对该问题设计改进的蚁群算法求解模型。从选择拆分点、信息素更新和引入变邻域搜索算子这3个方面改进了算法，并实现当解持续不变时，初始化信息素，以增加随机性。结果表明，与传统求解算法相比，改进算法的稳定性更高(平均偏差率降低7.00%)，寻优性更好(优化率提高7.41%)。 通过分析考虑三目标、双目标和决策者具有明显偏好的多重场景下的求解结果得知：效率、公平、 运力这3个子目标相互悖反，增加运力投入可以显著提高配送方案的效率与公平；当运力不变时，效率与公平之间近似呈同比例反比关系。研究结论可为救灾目标不确定条件下多因素考量的应急物资配送决策生成与优化问题提供方法改进与可量化决策支撑。     

Identifying transit deserts for low-income commuters in Wuhan Metropolitan Area,China

The rapid expansion of many Chinese cities has put increasing pressure on existing urban transportation systems. Using Baidu users’ location data, this research analyzes the spatial patterns of the transit systems and commuter flows in Wuhan Metropolitan Area, China, and identifies transit deserts affecting low-income commuters. The results show that, first, most transit demand are generated by trips between neighboring communities, while large transit supply tends to occur between distant communities in the region. Second, about 11.21% of low-income commuters are affected by transit deserts in Wuhan Metropolitan Area. In detail, 61.30% of them commute within the city centers and 36.06% of them commute within the suburbs. Only about 2.64% of them actually travel between city centers and suburbs. Third, for low-income suburban commuters, transit deserts occur when they are surrounded by low-density transit infrastructure and low-frequency transit services, which makes it very difficult for them to connect to rest of the region. However, for low-income commuters residing in the city centers, transit deserts are mainly caused by the large numbers of transit-dependent people competing for limited transit supply in the areas. This research explores the relationship between transit systems and commuting demand in a major Chinese metropolitan area. The findings could help guide future transit system planning in China and beyond.     

公共交通设施配套规模研究——以中山市公共交通设施配套标准为例

针对城市公共交通场站用地紧张和居民公交出行不便等问题,文中根据部分城市公共交通配套标准经验,并以土地利用和交通需求等相关理论为基础,构建建设项目公共交通设施配套规模的计算方法。方法根据建设项目的规模,推算项目需要的公共交通设施配套规模,最后以中山市城区的相关交通参数为例,代入模型进行计算,得出中山市公共交通设施配套标准。     

考虑匹配优先级的共享混合停车位租用与分配问题研究

为充分利用混合停车场的停车和充电资源，本文依据出行者需求的差异性设置匹配优先级，在此基础上以共享平台接受并出租车位的收益扣除拒绝请求的惩罚成本的总收益最大化为目标，以充电量不超过停车场负荷为约束条件，建立考虑匹配优先级的共享混合停车位租用与分 配(MPRA)模型。基于匹配优先级原则和模型特征改进蚁群算法，设置分块冲突矩阵，根据分块冲突矩阵设计蚂蚁信息素更新策略和路径选择策略并进行求解。最后算例证实了考虑匹配优先级的必要性，并分析了问题规模对MPRA分配方案的影响。研究结果表明：在充电需求匹配率方面，MPRA方案高于利润最大化方案，平均提升率为28.96%，这一优势与出行者数量或车位数量成反比，且利润提升率随着问题规模的增加而增加；车位数量有限时，MPRA方案相较于先到先停方案可以极大化提升车位利用率和充电需求匹配率，平均提升率分别为17.87%和113.96%。     

Demi-flexible operating policies to promote the performance of public transit in low-demand areas

The efforts of providing attractive transport service to residents in sparse communities have previously focused on operating flexible transit services. This paper identifies a new category of transit policies, called demi-flexible operating policies, to fill the gap between flexible transit services and conventional fixed-route systems. The passenger cost function is defined as the performance measure of transit systems and the analytic work is performed based on a real-world flag-stop transit service, in which we compare its system performance with another two comparable systems, the fixed-route and flex-route services, at expected and unexpected demand levels in order to be closer to reality. In addition, the dynamic-station policy is introduced to assist the flex-route service to better deal with unexpectedly high demand. Experiments demonstrate the unique advantages of demi-flexible operating policies in providing affordable, efficient, and reliable transport service in low-demand operating environments and this work is helpful to optimize the unifying framework for designing public transit in suburban and rural areas.     

弹性工作制和动态停车收费组合策略研究

提出弹性工作制与动态停车收费的组合管理策略，探究组合策略下，出行分布的变化机理及动态停车收费费率的制定，以达到缓解通勤拥堵的目的. 构建双层规划模型建立动态停车收费费率的制定与多用户出行选择的相互作用关系，基于灵敏度分析的下降算法求解. 仿真模拟出不同弹性工作制规模时，均衡状态下多用户出行分布模式和优化的动态收费费率. 结果表明，组合策略能促使弹性与非弹性员工错峰出行，有效分散交通流，与单一策略相比，缓解路网拥堵的效果更好.研究成果为交通管理优化策略的制定提供了新思路.     

建成环境对城市停车需求影响的非线性模型

为精细化把握城市建设项目在微观空间尺度下的停车需求规律，从空间视角探究停车需 求与建成环境之间的关系。通过高峰小时建筑物单位面积的停车生成数表征停车需求，以土地 利用混合度、路网密度、公交服务水平等9个因子描述建成环境，分别构建建成环境对停车需求影 响的普通最小二乘(Ordinary Least Squares，OLS)模型与梯度提升迭代决策树(Gradient Boosting Decision Tree，GBDT)模型。以保定市主城区停车调查数据中的商业类配建停车场为对象，基于 停车调查数据、兴趣点数据(Point of Interst，POI)、道路网络数据等多源异构数据进行模型实证分 析。结果表明，考虑非线性效应的GBDT模型比OLS模型具有更好的拟合度。从影响贡献度来 看，配建指标(18.92%)与区位(15.23%)是影响停车需求的最重要建成环境因素，交叉口密度 (5.19%)贡献度最小；在非线性关系方面，建成环境因子与停车需求均具有非线性关系与阈值效 应，除交叉口密度及人口密度与停车需求呈现U型关系，其余因素与停车需求的关系整体上保持 正相关或负相关。     

Electric vehicle charging station locations: Elastic demand,station congestion,and network equilibrium

Battery-only electric vehicles (BEVs) generally offer better air quality through lowered emissions, along with energy savings and security. The issue of long-duration battery charging makes charging-station placement and design key for BEV adoption rates. This work uses genetic algorithms to identify profit-maximizing station placement and design details, with applications that reflect the costs of installing, operating, and maintaining service equipment, including land acquisition. Fast electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) are placed across a congested city's network subject to stochastic demand for charging under a user-equilibrium traffic assignment. BEV users’ station choices consider endogenously determined travel times and on-site charging queues. The model allows for congested-travel and congested-station feedback into travelers’ route choices under elastic demand and BEV owners’ station choices, as well as charging price elasticity for BEV charging users.Boston-network results suggest that EVCSs should locate mostly along major highways, which may be a common finding for other metro settings. If 10% of current EV owners seek to charge en route, a user fee of $6 for a 30-min charging session is not enough for station profitability under a 5-year time horizon in this region. However, $10 per BEV charging delivers a 5-year profit of $0.82 million, and 11 cords across 3 stations are enough to accommodate a near-term charging demand in this Boston-area application. Shorter charging sessions, higher fees, and/or allowing for more cords per site also increase profits generally, everything else constant. Power-grid and station upgrades should keep pace with demand, to maximize profits over time, and avoid on-site congestion.     

长三角地区液化天然气接收站的发展前景

为了剖析长三角地区液化天然气(LNG)市场发展形势,从而为长三角地区科学布局LNG接收站提供参考,开展长三角地区天然气消费现状及发展趋势分析,梳理影响天然气市场发展的因素,对长三角地区天然气需求量进行预测。通过供需能力平衡分析,判定长三角地区LNG接收站承担的进口LNG接卸量还有较大的增长空间,未来2~3年将是LNG接收站的建设热潮。基于未来发展形势分析,从规划布局、功能定位及市场化等方面提出促进长三角LNG接收站发展的建议。     

基于滚动时域优化的共享自动驾驶汽车动态调度方法

共享自动驾驶汽车被视为未来城市交通系统的重要组成部分。本文考虑随机订单需求研究共享自动驾驶汽车的动态调度优化方法。通过建立车辆调度时空网络，分别针对订单分配与空车移位生成车辆运行时间弧，提出车辆调度问题的刻画方法。基于马尔科夫决策框架，以时空节点流量为状态，以时空弧流量为决策变量，建立最大化系统净收益的车辆动态调度优化模型。 采取滚动时域优化思想，建立含前视时间窗的随机规划模型，并利用CPLEX优化引擎，滚动求解车辆动态调度决策结果。Sioux Falls网络算例结果表明，滚动时域优化方法可保证车辆动态调度决策效果，提升系统运营效率。在计算时间限制下，滚动时域方法应优先采用长时间窗中等规模 样本。在最大化系统净收益的同时进一步最小化乘客等待时间，可有效提升车辆动态调度决策效果。